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Assessment of related white blood cells and other factors, including eosinophil count, basophil count, basophil degranulation test, and additional diagnostic methods.
(A) Eosinophil Count: Eosinophils are involved in type I allergic reactions. An increased number of eosinophils can serve as an auxiliary diagnostic marker for these reactions and may also be used to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Eosinophil counts can be determined using either a white blood cell sorting method or a direct counting technique. The latter is more commonly used today. These cells have cytoplasmic granules rich in basic amino acids and proteins, with an isoelectric point around pH 11, making them easily stained by anionic dyes. A common staining solution includes eosin, carbolic acid, and formalin. This solution helps dissolve red blood cells and other white blood cells, improving background clarity and facilitating the identification of eosinophils.
(B) Basophil Count: Basophils also play a role in allergic responses. The primary method for counting them is the direct counting technique. The heparin sulfate found in their granules binds readily to cationic dyes, making them visible under acidic staining conditions. Commonly used stains include 0.1% EDTA, alixin blue, cetylpyridinium chloride, and cesium chloride. These solutions help remove red blood cells and other white blood cells, allowing for clearer visualization of basophils. A peripheral blood basophil count above 33/mm³ is considered elevated, while a count over 50/mm³ indicates a significant increase. This test serves as a screening tool for type I allergic reactions, with a positive rate between 60% and 70%, and can also act as an auxiliary indicator for assessing treatment outcomes.
(C) Basophil Granule Degranulation Test: Normally, basophils contain numerous basophilic granules that stain purple-red or blue when exposed to cationic dyes like toluidine blue or alixin blue. When an allergen or anti-IgE antibody is introduced, it binds to IgE on the cell surface, triggering the release of granules and reducing the number of stained cells. This degranulation process can be observed and measured. The test can be performed using either a slide method or a test tube method. While the slide method is slightly more complex and has higher variability between samples, the test tube method uses a hemocytometer for observation, offering convenience, efficiency, and good reproducibility, making it ideal for widespread use.
RAST and skin tests are highly reliable in identifying allergens, studying desensitization mechanisms, and evaluating the success of desensitization therapy.
(IV) Other Detection Methods
1. Sensitized T Cell Detection: Assessing the overall activity of T cells and their sensitization to specific antigens is crucial in diagnosing type IV allergic reactions. For detailed detection procedures, refer to relevant clinical guidelines.
2. Lymphokine Detection: Lymphokines are key players in the development of type IV allergies. Their detection holds important value in both research and clinical settings related to allergic diseases.
3. Anti-Blood Cell Antibody Detection: Blood cell antibodies are major mediators in type II allergic reactions. Detecting these antibodies is essential for diagnosing such reactions. For specific testing methods and clinical interpretation, consult Hematology Test Materials.
Other allergy-related tests include cold antibody testing, anti-basement membrane antibody testing, and platelet-related assays, all of which contribute to a comprehensive evaluation of allergic conditions.
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