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First, the characteristics of the sky introduced the mountains, and even the hills are the influence of the weather.
More than any place on earth, the mountains can make significant changes in wind, temperature, precipitation, and lightning, often posing a threat to people traveling in the mountains. The winds and winds in the mountains are also varied. The popular ones can be divided into the following types: uphill winds, which are caused by changes in the temperature difference between the mountains and the nighttime cold air dumping downhill and warm air during the day to the mountains. Caused by climbing. Most of the uphill winds occur within 15-45 minutes of sunrise, and they reach maximum wind speeds at noon or on the ground when the highest amount of solar energy is received. In general, the southern slope receives the most energy, so the uphill wind is the strongest. There is no upper hand on the north slope. Uphill winds usually drill straight into the mountains and valleys. When the sky has floating clouds, the sun's hidden time can now control the upslope winds and stop as timely as "switching." Downhill winds, which are relatively mild and stable, mostly occur on the surface near the ground. They begin to wind in the 15-45 minutes after sunset, until the sunrise the next day, from the summit to the bottom of the canyon. The sinking wind is the "glacial wind". It tends to appear on glaciers, not affected by changes in day and night, because the surface temperature of the glaciers is always lower than the air temperature above it, so it always blows downhill. However, at the end of the slope where the glaciers extend, there will also be uphill winds, the intensity of which is often controlled by the size of the glaciers. The canyon wind, which is the wind controlled by the terrain, is also a mixed wind of uphill and downhill winds. It mainly occurs near the semi-enclosed valley where the slope surface is notched. It is also controlled by the temperature difference of sunshine, that is, at noon, it is mostly the upper valley wind, and it turns into the lower valley wind at night, and the valley winds tend to have a strong gust of wind. Cyclones, which are common winds in mountain areas, produce whirlwinds whenever the ground changes significantly and the surrounding winds are strong. In most cases, the cyclones have instantaneous features and are mostly formed on the northerly slope. Precipitation, there is a large amount of updraft in the mountains, it makes the air cool, so the precipitation usually increases with height. In the humid tropics, the precipitation in the mountainous area is particularly noticeable. Floods caused by heavy rainfall are the greatest threat to mountain travelers. The most common in mountainous areas is fog. It is actually a cloud that touches the ground. Sometimes it may be misty all day in the valley. Lightning, mountaineers, hikers, and campers are particularly vulnerable to lightning in the mountains. The rising winds generated on the rugged mountainous terrain make thunderstorms there more violent and frequent. Temperature and temperature are very important for mountain travelers. In mountain areas, the temperature decreases with height, and this change is about twice the winter season in summer. The relative humidity on the mountain is much higher than in the valley. In this situation, most clothes are poor insulators. Therefore, it is not easy to keep warm in the winter and cool in the summer. In general, the temperature dropped by an average of 1.2 degrees for every 300 meters of altitude, which is a reference for mountain travelers.
Second, the astronomical strategy thunderstorms thunderstorms usually start with small cumulus clouds, and then quickly develop, through the development period of conglomerate clouds and into the mature cumulonimbus stage, it is a fierce, bad and drastic changes in weather.
Field personnel should pay attention to the following points:
1. Thunderstorms may occur when cumulonimbus clouds begin to accumulate and become dark.
2. Thunderstorms usually last for a short period of time. To stay calm, don't be afraid to stay away. The danger of lightning is the breakdown of objects and the human body, causing fires, and the thunder generated by the human ear's eardrum.
So, you should remember:
1. A car is often an excellent lightning protection device and can be hidden in a car during lightning.
2. The best places for protection are caves, ditches, canyons or open spaces under tall trees.
3. If you are in the open air, you should stay at twice the height of the isolated tree.
4. When you feel a charge, that is, when your hair rises or the skin vibrates, it is likely that you have received an electric shock and you should immediately fall to the ground and protect yourself.
5. If you dodge in the vicinity of an isolated projection, the top of the projection should be at least 15-20 meters above your head.
6. Leaving vertical walls or cliffs, avoid exposed mountains and ridges and flat open terrain.
7. Avoid ground fissures, patches of lichen, and suspended rocks.
8. You must not sit in the middle of scattered rocks.
9, in the topography of the area to use rope to grab yourself.
10. If you enter a hole to avoid lightning, you should leave all vertical walls 3 meters away to prevent the wall from causing electrical damage. During heavy rains, due to the rapid rainfall, the surface is too late to absorb the rain, and it is difficult for the soil and rocks to stop the rain from flowing out. These will exacerbate the threat of mountain torrents. Therefore, when thunderstorms increase, you must avoid the longest ditch or the flat extension below the river bed, which is most likely to collect water. Depart from areas that are vulnerable to flooding and, if necessary, dispose of them to shift to higher grounds, taking care not to attempt to hike past streams that reach knees. Weather conditions can increase or decrease body temperature and affect people's health. The three most important weather factors are temperature, wind speed and relative humidity. In cold conditions, the influence of temperature and the influence of the wind are inseparable, both of which tend to cause people to lose heat at the same time, and the soaked clothing value will decrease by 90%. Therefore, the simple and easy way to survive in a cold environment is to maintain proper exercise without sweating. In a hot and humid environment, people may experience fatigue, headaches, loss of appetite, insomnia, severe dehydration, and generalized fatigue and enthusiasm. Attention should be paid to avoiding wild activities under such climatic conditions.
Third, the general law of celestial phenomena
A. Signs that the weather is getting better
1. During the daytime, the valley wind generally blows from bottom to top. At night, it is just the opposite. Generally, it blows from the peak to the valley below.
2. During the day (especially in the morning), the clouds that have passed through the mountain pass gradually differentiate into fog and gradually dissipate.
3. In the evening sunset, a piece of orange or rose sunset (fire cloud) appeared over the western valley.
4. In the evening, there was fog in the mountains, and the weather was cooler (into the night), indicating that the weather may be better on the second day.
5. Dew and frost were seen in the grass in the early morning.
6. The starlight is stable and rarely flashes.
B. Signs of bad weather
1. During the day, the valley wind blows to the valley from the top of the mountain and blows from the valley to the top of the mountain at night.
2. In the morning, the clouds appeared, and then the black clouds increased and slowly sank.
3. Clouds are moving very quickly and there is an increasing trend, which may be a precursor to the storm.
4. The wind direction suddenly changes and gets bigger and bigger, accompanied by dark clouds.
5. After the dry heat or mist has filled up, the visibility has suddenly improved.
6. The valley is full of fog in the early morning and it will not dissipate until late.
7. There is a large halo around the sun during the day and a small halo around the moon at night. This is a sign of strong winds.
8. The starlight flashes before dawn.
9, the evening temperature increased, the night is very warm and hot.
10. The rising clouds in the valleys may be a sign of the storm's future.
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