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In the latter ten years of the 20th century, the world’s steel production has developed toward higher energy efficiency, more economical, and safer, and is more adaptable to environmental protection requirements; steel raw materials also follow this trend, so The demand for scrap steel is even stronger. At present, about 40% of the world's crude steel production comes from the recycling of scrap steel. Due to the limitation of scrap resources in our country, about one quarter of the iron and steel materials used in steelmaking production come from scrap steel.
I. Status of supply and demand for scrap steel in China 1. Low reserve of scrap steel After 1996, China’s crude steel production was above 100 million tons per year, which fulfilled the dream of metallurgists over the years that China has become the world’s largest producer. Big steel country. In spite of this, in the world steel market, China cannot yet be said to be a steel producing country with strong competitive strength.
The iron and steel “tenth five-year†development plan promulgated this year mentioned: China’s steel reserves are relatively small, and the output rate of scrap steel is relatively low, which cannot meet the needs of steel production, especially the development of electric steel.
The development trajectory of China's electric furnace steelmaking production compared with the world's major trends shows a marked difference in the second 20 years of the 20th century. During the ten years between 1983 and 1992, the proportion of total electric steel produced by China's electric furnaces remained at 20-22%. With the acceleration of the rate of elimination of open hearth furnaces, EAF steel exceeded 23% in 1993 and reached the highest level in history. Later, it did not rely on the increase in the output of electric furnace steel to compensate for the loss of production after the elimination of open furnaces, as was the case in foreign industrial countries. On the contrary, the share of electric furnace steel has been declining year by year. In 2000, the ratio of electric furnace steel to total steel production was only 14.5%, which fell to the lowest point in more than ten years. In the meantime, the world's electric furnace steel accounted for the proportion of global crude steel production during this period. From 22% to 38%.
Why is the development track of China's electric furnace steel production different from the world level? In addition to the fact that the price of electric power for steelmaking in our country is higher, another important factor is the insufficient supply of iron-containing charge for electric furnaces and the high price.
2. Uneven regional distribution Due to the different industrial development conditions, the layout of steel companies, and the density of population, the geographical distribution of waste steel resources in China is not balanced. In 1986, through the sampling and analysis of the nation's scrap steel resources, it was estimated that more than 80% of the country’s scrap steel resources were distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangdong, Liaoning, Heihe, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Hubei, Sichuan, and Jiangsu. There are 12 provinces and cities with relatively concentrated industrial and mining enterprises and relatively dense population. In other areas, due to poor geographical conditions and a small population, the generated scrap resources are less than 20%.
3. The reduction of the amount of self-produced scrap steel used by steel companies to reduce the source of scrap steel generally has three aspects:
Iron and steel enterprises' self-produced scrap (including production recovery and non-production recovery) in the production process; processing scrap produced in the production process of industrial and mining enterprises;
Depreciation of scrap steel materials such as social production, life, and national defense, such as scrap cars, ships, steel bridges, and construction steel.
As the ratio of continuous casting of iron and steel production enterprises increased from 26.5% in 1991 to nearly 82% in 2000, the proportion of steel scrap produced from the steel industry has declined significantly over the decade; at the same time, the rapid growth of crude steel output over the past decade and steel products With the shortening of the equipment scrap cycle, the proportion of scrap processing and depreciation scrap has increased significantly.
4. In recent years, the amount of imported scrap steel has increased. The Chinese steel industry has developed rapidly in the past ten years. However, China's waste steel stock volume and output have been seriously insufficient, resulting in a large gap between the demand for scrap steel and output. Although China’s steel production has ranked first in the world for five consecutive years, it is estimated by authoritative sources that the volume of steel reserves in China will not reach expansion until five years later. According to the experience of other industrial countries in the world, China's large-scale output of scrap should last for ten years, so it is still a period of scarce domestic scrap resources within the last decade, which cannot meet the needs of the rapid development of the iron and steel industry; at the same time, due to domestic pig iron and domestic scrap. In recent years, the price of imported scrap has soared, and it has leapt to the top of the world's imported scrap; 70% of imported scrap will be used for steelmaking, which means that the amount of scrap steel used by China's steel industry throughout the year One sixth will come from abroad.
Simultaneous with the import of scrap, dismantling imported scrap ships is also one of the important sources of scrap resources. Between 1998 and 2000, China imported nearly 3 million light tons of old ships, of which 1/3 can be remelted as a scrap reflow. At present, the average annual There are 30-40 million tons of ship-recycling scrap available for steelmaking charge.
5. The consumption of scrap steel in China According to the investigation in the late 1980s and the data collected in recent years, it can be seen that the scrap steel used in steel production accounts for 78% of the total scrap resources, of which 70% is remelted for steelmaking. 8% is used for auxiliary steelmaking and casting; in addition, 12% is used for agriculture, light industry for the manufacture of small farming tools and hardware, and 10% is for other fields such as restructuring and utilization and chemical industry.
In addition to the lack of scrap supply, another reason for the low unit consumption of electric furnace and converter scrap in China is the rapid growth in pig iron production. During the 1980s, the iron-steel ratio in China was controlled between 0.98-0.92, which was lower than 1.0, compared with 0.57 in the United States, 0.7 in the former Soviet Union, and 0.79-0.74 in Japan and Germany. By the 1990s, the growth rate of China’s iron was higher than that of steel, and the iron-steel ratio had risen to above 1.0, and remained high. Due to the oversupply of pig iron and falling prices, the relatively high scrap prices have prompted steel mills to use more pig iron, and some electric furnace steel mills also have large amounts of pig iron. Some electric furnaces consume more than 40% of the pig iron. This type of steel structure In iron and steel production is not reasonable, is a deformed state.
6. The relationship between supply and demand of domestic scrap steel The recovery, processing, and supply system of China's scrap steel has undergone tremendous changes in the past 20 years. Before the 1980s, basically the "Three Kingdoms" was in a state of flux. The waste steel and iron resources owned and produced by the iron and steel enterprises accounted for more than half of the total resources. The supply and marketing system was mainly responsible for the recovery of socially depreciated scrap, while the domestic trade system was Recycling factories and mines, troops and other processing and scrap equipment produce waste steel. By the late 1990s, the boundary between supply and marketing and the internal trade system for recycling scrap steel began to be less distinct. Many recycling companies were contracted to individuals and took a more flexible recovery, processing and supply system in a private manner. Now, in order to reduce costs and increase efficiency, steel companies have begun to pay attention to the first pass from raw materials. Therefore, they strongly hope that the supply of scrap steel can stabilize the channel, ensure the quality and quantity, and plan to carry out large-scale production (recovery and processing capacity of several hundred thousand tons or more) at a suitable location. The scrap steel recycling, processing and distribution base This desire has begun to attract the attention of people in the industry and related departments.
7. Problems existing in the domestic scrap market 1) Unregulated and unqualified field management China's scrap steel industry entered the market economy in the mid-1980s, and the country’s original scrap and steel processing and recycling systems have shrunk. The individual contracting or self-employment started, and the recycling and processing of scrap steel was extremely fragmented and lacked strict management. At the same time as the quantity was expanding, private companies have neglected the management of scrap quality, which has caused a lot of trouble for steel producers.
2) Iron and steel production companies set up their own professional scrap companies to engage in the procurement, processing, and supply of scrap Steel companies are the main channel for the consumption of scrap steel, which accounts for more than 70% of the total scrap resources. Because social recycling companies are generally small in size, weak in strength, and poorly equipped, over the years, in order to ensure the supply of scrap steel for production, iron and steel companies have tried every possible means to expand the material yard and increase equipment, so they have formed relatively strong processing, sorting, and warehousing capabilities. Some large steel companies have reliable guarantees for the recovery, processing, and supply of scrap steel, and they have also set up professional scrap companies. Such as Baosteel's Industrial Company, Wuhan Iron and Steel Resources Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Steel's Jinxing Co., Ltd. and so on. However, these companies do not receive the same policy of exempting value-added tax and special licenses as those in the society's recycling companies, which is unfavorable to the reduction of costs for steel companies.
3) The lack of a scientific, international standard for scrap steel national standards currently in use was formulated in the 1980s and has fallen behind the new situation in the world and the development of China's steel industry. Many industry experts hold the existing standards. Different opinions, but did not develop new standards of application and science in a timely manner.
Due to the lack of new standards for steel scrap that are scientifically applicable and in line with international standards, steel companies have to spend a lot of manpower and material resources on re-separation and reprocessing of scrap from the society. Quality disputes occur frequently, and some companies prefer to use more scrap. Spend money to use imported scrap steel.
4) There are some obstacles to the import of scrap steel. Like imported iron ore, imported scrap steel has become one of the major sources of raw materials for steel production. Moreover, imported scrap steel has obvious advantages in terms of environmental protection, energy saving, and saving of transport capacity. In order to encourage the import of scrap steel, many importing countries (including some developing countries in Asia) have formulated various preferential policies; however, imported scrap steel meets the customs import standards in China and is not in line with international scrap standards, and import procedures are also very tedious. Problems such as quantitative restrictions have directly jeopardized the organization of raw materials for steelmaking production by major steel companies.
II. Development Prospects of China's Scrap Steel Supply and Demand The "metallurgical science and technology development guide (2000--2005)" special report presents the "15" metallurgical science and technology progress direction, goals and countermeasures and suggestions, which pointed out that China's steel production and foreign advanced production One of the gaps between steel countries is high energy consumption per ton of steel. In 1998, the comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel was 1,300 kilograms of standard coal, which was more than 30% higher than in developed countries. In addition, the ratio of iron to steel is also an important measure of the developed level of a country’s steel industry. One of the signs is that if China's iron-steel ratio can be reduced to 0.85, it can save 2 million tons of standard coal.
From the perspective of supply and demand of scrap steel during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, in the next ten to fifteen years, China's steel industry will still face a situation in which self-produced scrap steel is reduced and social steel scrap resources are in short supply, mainly because the steel production process will continue To improve the direction of continuous casting ratio (estimated to reach more than 90%). Due to the widespread adoption of a fire, continuous casting, and continuous rolling process, the iron and steel enterprises have more concise production processes, more advanced technology, lower scrap rates, and improved integrated finished products (estimated to exceed 95%). According to experts' estimates, five years later, steel makers will reduce their self-produced scrap volume by 2 to 3 million tons while maintaining current steel production. Due to the relative shortening of the scrapping period of automobiles, weapons, agricultural machinery, etc., and the accumulation of social steel reserves in previous years, the amount of scrap steel recovered from the society will increase, which is approximately the same as the amount of self-produced scrap steel produced by steel companies. About 3 million tons. The two are offset by each other.
The consumption of scrap by steel companies has increased, mainly due to:
The use of scrap steel for steelmaking is in line with the direction of saving energy and reducing consumption of China's steel industry during the "10th Five-Year Plan" period. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, the iron-steel ratio should be reduced to below 1, and the production of pig iron should be reduced. Waste steel should be vigorously recycled, and small converters and small electric furnaces should be eliminated. The use of scrap steel will be one of the three major measures for saving energy and reducing consumption.
In our country's history, especially in the 1980s, the unit scrap consumption has had an excessively high level of record. In 1983, it was the largest year for scrap steel making in the past 20 years. The average ton steel consumption of electric furnace reached 953.7 kg, and the top blowing converter The average steel consumption per ton of steel reached 133.8 kilograms, 148.7 kilograms and 44.8 kilograms higher than in 1999, and 120.7 kilograms and 35.8 kilograms higher than in 2000 respectively. Therefore, as long as there are enough scrap resources, there is still great potential to be tapped for steelmaking.
During the "10th Five-Year Plan" period, the output of China's electric furnace steel is still increasing. For example, there are 10 large-scale DC arc furnaces with a capacity of over 50 tons in Jiangsu, which will increase production by more than 2 million tons; and the steel-making company owned by Guangzhou Steel Group will be The 150-ton large-scale electric furnace has been put into normal production, increasing the demand for scrap steel by 700,000-800,000 tons. The special steel company "Ninth Five-Year Plan" is better than the "Eighth Five-Year Plan", and it is expected that the "tenth five-year plan" will continue to improve. In 1991, the output of electric furnace steel was 1402 Ten thousand tons, in 2000 it reached 18.5 million tons, and the output increased by 32%. As the major demand for scrap steel, the development of electric furnace steel is bound to increase the demand for scrap steel.
In recent years, converters have begun to eat more scrap, which is the need for energy saving, cost reduction and cost reduction. Relevant experts believe that increasing the ratio of converter scrap is an important development direction for converter steelmaking technology. According to reports, the KS method in Germany and the Z-
I. Status of supply and demand for scrap steel in China 1. Low reserve of scrap steel After 1996, China’s crude steel production was above 100 million tons per year, which fulfilled the dream of metallurgists over the years that China has become the world’s largest producer. Big steel country. In spite of this, in the world steel market, China cannot yet be said to be a steel producing country with strong competitive strength.
The iron and steel “tenth five-year†development plan promulgated this year mentioned: China’s steel reserves are relatively small, and the output rate of scrap steel is relatively low, which cannot meet the needs of steel production, especially the development of electric steel.
The development trajectory of China's electric furnace steelmaking production compared with the world's major trends shows a marked difference in the second 20 years of the 20th century. During the ten years between 1983 and 1992, the proportion of total electric steel produced by China's electric furnaces remained at 20-22%. With the acceleration of the rate of elimination of open hearth furnaces, EAF steel exceeded 23% in 1993 and reached the highest level in history. Later, it did not rely on the increase in the output of electric furnace steel to compensate for the loss of production after the elimination of open furnaces, as was the case in foreign industrial countries. On the contrary, the share of electric furnace steel has been declining year by year. In 2000, the ratio of electric furnace steel to total steel production was only 14.5%, which fell to the lowest point in more than ten years. In the meantime, the world's electric furnace steel accounted for the proportion of global crude steel production during this period. From 22% to 38%.
Why is the development track of China's electric furnace steel production different from the world level? In addition to the fact that the price of electric power for steelmaking in our country is higher, another important factor is the insufficient supply of iron-containing charge for electric furnaces and the high price.
2. Uneven regional distribution Due to the different industrial development conditions, the layout of steel companies, and the density of population, the geographical distribution of waste steel resources in China is not balanced. In 1986, through the sampling and analysis of the nation's scrap steel resources, it was estimated that more than 80% of the country’s scrap steel resources were distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangdong, Liaoning, Heihe, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Hubei, Sichuan, and Jiangsu. There are 12 provinces and cities with relatively concentrated industrial and mining enterprises and relatively dense population. In other areas, due to poor geographical conditions and a small population, the generated scrap resources are less than 20%.
3. The reduction of the amount of self-produced scrap steel used by steel companies to reduce the source of scrap steel generally has three aspects:
Iron and steel enterprises' self-produced scrap (including production recovery and non-production recovery) in the production process; processing scrap produced in the production process of industrial and mining enterprises;
Depreciation of scrap steel materials such as social production, life, and national defense, such as scrap cars, ships, steel bridges, and construction steel.
As the ratio of continuous casting of iron and steel production enterprises increased from 26.5% in 1991 to nearly 82% in 2000, the proportion of steel scrap produced from the steel industry has declined significantly over the decade; at the same time, the rapid growth of crude steel output over the past decade and steel products With the shortening of the equipment scrap cycle, the proportion of scrap processing and depreciation scrap has increased significantly.
4. In recent years, the amount of imported scrap steel has increased. The Chinese steel industry has developed rapidly in the past ten years. However, China's waste steel stock volume and output have been seriously insufficient, resulting in a large gap between the demand for scrap steel and output. Although China’s steel production has ranked first in the world for five consecutive years, it is estimated by authoritative sources that the volume of steel reserves in China will not reach expansion until five years later. According to the experience of other industrial countries in the world, China's large-scale output of scrap should last for ten years, so it is still a period of scarce domestic scrap resources within the last decade, which cannot meet the needs of the rapid development of the iron and steel industry; at the same time, due to domestic pig iron and domestic scrap. In recent years, the price of imported scrap has soared, and it has leapt to the top of the world's imported scrap; 70% of imported scrap will be used for steelmaking, which means that the amount of scrap steel used by China's steel industry throughout the year One sixth will come from abroad.
Simultaneous with the import of scrap, dismantling imported scrap ships is also one of the important sources of scrap resources. Between 1998 and 2000, China imported nearly 3 million light tons of old ships, of which 1/3 can be remelted as a scrap reflow. At present, the average annual There are 30-40 million tons of ship-recycling scrap available for steelmaking charge.
5. The consumption of scrap steel in China According to the investigation in the late 1980s and the data collected in recent years, it can be seen that the scrap steel used in steel production accounts for 78% of the total scrap resources, of which 70% is remelted for steelmaking. 8% is used for auxiliary steelmaking and casting; in addition, 12% is used for agriculture, light industry for the manufacture of small farming tools and hardware, and 10% is for other fields such as restructuring and utilization and chemical industry.
In addition to the lack of scrap supply, another reason for the low unit consumption of electric furnace and converter scrap in China is the rapid growth in pig iron production. During the 1980s, the iron-steel ratio in China was controlled between 0.98-0.92, which was lower than 1.0, compared with 0.57 in the United States, 0.7 in the former Soviet Union, and 0.79-0.74 in Japan and Germany. By the 1990s, the growth rate of China’s iron was higher than that of steel, and the iron-steel ratio had risen to above 1.0, and remained high. Due to the oversupply of pig iron and falling prices, the relatively high scrap prices have prompted steel mills to use more pig iron, and some electric furnace steel mills also have large amounts of pig iron. Some electric furnaces consume more than 40% of the pig iron. This type of steel structure In iron and steel production is not reasonable, is a deformed state.
6. The relationship between supply and demand of domestic scrap steel The recovery, processing, and supply system of China's scrap steel has undergone tremendous changes in the past 20 years. Before the 1980s, basically the "Three Kingdoms" was in a state of flux. The waste steel and iron resources owned and produced by the iron and steel enterprises accounted for more than half of the total resources. The supply and marketing system was mainly responsible for the recovery of socially depreciated scrap, while the domestic trade system was Recycling factories and mines, troops and other processing and scrap equipment produce waste steel. By the late 1990s, the boundary between supply and marketing and the internal trade system for recycling scrap steel began to be less distinct. Many recycling companies were contracted to individuals and took a more flexible recovery, processing and supply system in a private manner. Now, in order to reduce costs and increase efficiency, steel companies have begun to pay attention to the first pass from raw materials. Therefore, they strongly hope that the supply of scrap steel can stabilize the channel, ensure the quality and quantity, and plan to carry out large-scale production (recovery and processing capacity of several hundred thousand tons or more) at a suitable location. The scrap steel recycling, processing and distribution base This desire has begun to attract the attention of people in the industry and related departments.
7. Problems existing in the domestic scrap market 1) Unregulated and unqualified field management China's scrap steel industry entered the market economy in the mid-1980s, and the country’s original scrap and steel processing and recycling systems have shrunk. The individual contracting or self-employment started, and the recycling and processing of scrap steel was extremely fragmented and lacked strict management. At the same time as the quantity was expanding, private companies have neglected the management of scrap quality, which has caused a lot of trouble for steel producers.
2) Iron and steel production companies set up their own professional scrap companies to engage in the procurement, processing, and supply of scrap Steel companies are the main channel for the consumption of scrap steel, which accounts for more than 70% of the total scrap resources. Because social recycling companies are generally small in size, weak in strength, and poorly equipped, over the years, in order to ensure the supply of scrap steel for production, iron and steel companies have tried every possible means to expand the material yard and increase equipment, so they have formed relatively strong processing, sorting, and warehousing capabilities. Some large steel companies have reliable guarantees for the recovery, processing, and supply of scrap steel, and they have also set up professional scrap companies. Such as Baosteel's Industrial Company, Wuhan Iron and Steel Resources Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Steel's Jinxing Co., Ltd. and so on. However, these companies do not receive the same policy of exempting value-added tax and special licenses as those in the society's recycling companies, which is unfavorable to the reduction of costs for steel companies.
3) The lack of a scientific, international standard for scrap steel national standards currently in use was formulated in the 1980s and has fallen behind the new situation in the world and the development of China's steel industry. Many industry experts hold the existing standards. Different opinions, but did not develop new standards of application and science in a timely manner.
Due to the lack of new standards for steel scrap that are scientifically applicable and in line with international standards, steel companies have to spend a lot of manpower and material resources on re-separation and reprocessing of scrap from the society. Quality disputes occur frequently, and some companies prefer to use more scrap. Spend money to use imported scrap steel.
4) There are some obstacles to the import of scrap steel. Like imported iron ore, imported scrap steel has become one of the major sources of raw materials for steel production. Moreover, imported scrap steel has obvious advantages in terms of environmental protection, energy saving, and saving of transport capacity. In order to encourage the import of scrap steel, many importing countries (including some developing countries in Asia) have formulated various preferential policies; however, imported scrap steel meets the customs import standards in China and is not in line with international scrap standards, and import procedures are also very tedious. Problems such as quantitative restrictions have directly jeopardized the organization of raw materials for steelmaking production by major steel companies.
II. Development Prospects of China's Scrap Steel Supply and Demand The "metallurgical science and technology development guide (2000--2005)" special report presents the "15" metallurgical science and technology progress direction, goals and countermeasures and suggestions, which pointed out that China's steel production and foreign advanced production One of the gaps between steel countries is high energy consumption per ton of steel. In 1998, the comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel was 1,300 kilograms of standard coal, which was more than 30% higher than in developed countries. In addition, the ratio of iron to steel is also an important measure of the developed level of a country’s steel industry. One of the signs is that if China's iron-steel ratio can be reduced to 0.85, it can save 2 million tons of standard coal.
From the perspective of supply and demand of scrap steel during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, in the next ten to fifteen years, China's steel industry will still face a situation in which self-produced scrap steel is reduced and social steel scrap resources are in short supply, mainly because the steel production process will continue To improve the direction of continuous casting ratio (estimated to reach more than 90%). Due to the widespread adoption of a fire, continuous casting, and continuous rolling process, the iron and steel enterprises have more concise production processes, more advanced technology, lower scrap rates, and improved integrated finished products (estimated to exceed 95%). According to experts' estimates, five years later, steel makers will reduce their self-produced scrap volume by 2 to 3 million tons while maintaining current steel production. Due to the relative shortening of the scrapping period of automobiles, weapons, agricultural machinery, etc., and the accumulation of social steel reserves in previous years, the amount of scrap steel recovered from the society will increase, which is approximately the same as the amount of self-produced scrap steel produced by steel companies. About 3 million tons. The two are offset by each other.
The consumption of scrap by steel companies has increased, mainly due to:
The use of scrap steel for steelmaking is in line with the direction of saving energy and reducing consumption of China's steel industry during the "10th Five-Year Plan" period. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, the iron-steel ratio should be reduced to below 1, and the production of pig iron should be reduced. Waste steel should be vigorously recycled, and small converters and small electric furnaces should be eliminated. The use of scrap steel will be one of the three major measures for saving energy and reducing consumption.
In our country's history, especially in the 1980s, the unit scrap consumption has had an excessively high level of record. In 1983, it was the largest year for scrap steel making in the past 20 years. The average ton steel consumption of electric furnace reached 953.7 kg, and the top blowing converter The average steel consumption per ton of steel reached 133.8 kilograms, 148.7 kilograms and 44.8 kilograms higher than in 1999, and 120.7 kilograms and 35.8 kilograms higher than in 2000 respectively. Therefore, as long as there are enough scrap resources, there is still great potential to be tapped for steelmaking.
During the "10th Five-Year Plan" period, the output of China's electric furnace steel is still increasing. For example, there are 10 large-scale DC arc furnaces with a capacity of over 50 tons in Jiangsu, which will increase production by more than 2 million tons; and the steel-making company owned by Guangzhou Steel Group will be The 150-ton large-scale electric furnace has been put into normal production, increasing the demand for scrap steel by 700,000-800,000 tons. The special steel company "Ninth Five-Year Plan" is better than the "Eighth Five-Year Plan", and it is expected that the "tenth five-year plan" will continue to improve. In 1991, the output of electric furnace steel was 1402 Ten thousand tons, in 2000 it reached 18.5 million tons, and the output increased by 32%. As the major demand for scrap steel, the development of electric furnace steel is bound to increase the demand for scrap steel.
In recent years, converters have begun to eat more scrap, which is the need for energy saving, cost reduction and cost reduction. Relevant experts believe that increasing the ratio of converter scrap is an important development direction for converter steelmaking technology. According to reports, the KS method in Germany and the Z-
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